The ER stress response markers of GRP78 and CHOP were induced by ritonavir and lopinavir stronger in non-senescent than in senescent AML-12 cells, and the expression of GRP78 and CHOP was additively increased by hippuric acid combined with the two HIV drugs (Figure 4 and Figure S1B). Here, DDIT3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.