ACE and heart failure: In general cohort with varying degree of renal function, identified risk factors for postoperative AKI have reported to include male sex, age > 50 years, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ascites, heart failure, emergency surgery, intraperitoneal surgery, polypharmacy, use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (i.e., “ACE”) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (i.e., “ARB”), and increased American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA–PS) scores [1, 4, 5].