UCP1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: SCFAs upregulate the expression of adipose tissue thermogenesis-related genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1 α and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) [33, 34] as well as enhance the expression of adipose tissue thermogenesis-related proteins, such as acetyl coenzyme a oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), to stimulate adipose tissue thermogenesis and energy expenditure, ultimately alleviating obesity [35, 36].