AHR and cancer: Additionally, the metabolic products of Fusobacterium nucleatum, such as formate, induce aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, driving CRC tumor invasion and increasing cancer stemness [46]; another metabolite activates the Alpha-kinase 1 /TIFA adaptor protein/Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Associated Factor 6 pathway to activate the NF-κB pathway, enhancing inflammatory cytokine and anti-apoptotic gene expression, promoting tumor cell survival and proliferation [47].