Although the number of TILs, particularly effector CD8+ T cells, in the TME has been associated with improved survival in several cancers including NSCLC (30), TIL numbers alone do not explain the differences between HIV-associated and non-HIV NSCLC, given the comparable levels of CD4+, CD8+, and TAM T cell infiltration seen in our study. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is cancer.