CCL4 and preterm premature rupture of the membranes: Specifically, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and RANTESexhibited decreased production in each tissue, while IFN-γ,IL-1α, IL-12p70, IL-17, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, andMIP-2 were downregulated in at least three of the tested tissues.As varying studies have associated increased levels of both MIP-1αand MIP-2 with a higher risk of PPROM and preterm birth,−,  we postulate that Lactobacillus interventioncould provide a reliable way to both decrease bacterial burden andinhibit this proinflammatory response.