These chemokines likely facilitate faster lymphocyte and monocyte-derived cell infiltration into the lungs, reflected by earlier upregulation of chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR5, and CXCR5 (Fig. 9A), than seen with PJ73 and VR2332, helping counter viral infection and restore lung homeostasis (21, 24, 28, 42, 43) (Fig. 5). This evidence concerns the gene CCR4 and viral infectious disease.