TGFB1 and neoplasm: Factors released by these cells—such as intravascular aggregates, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)—facilitate tumor cell differentiation, proliferation, and metastasis, while also contributing to tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastatic spread (23).