CD4 and cancer: Numerous studies have shown that mast cells, CD4+ memory T cells, M0 macrophages, and quiescent natural killer (NK) cells are associated with cancer recurrence and progression, whereas dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, and M1 macrophages may be effector cells for anticancer treatment (Mao et al., 2024; He et al., 2022; Leone and Powell, 2020).