Interestingly, although increased CD38 expression has been identified as one of the biomarkers of Bregs in both humans and mice [8], the frequency of B10 cells (CD19+CD1dhiCD5+) was found to be significantly higher in CD38 deficient lupus mice, when compared with those wild-type counterparts [70]. This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and systemic lupus erythematosus.