S100A9 and Sepsis: Of note, previous studies have reported significant increases inTGF-β levels in septic mice and non-surviving septic patients [46,47].Whereas other immune cells can produce IL-10 and TGF-β during inflammationand sepsis [27], our findings of increasedexpression, induced by S100A9, of these potent immunosuppressivecytokines in MDSCs during late sepsis further support the immunosuppressive role ofMDSCs during sepsis.