VNN1 and periodontitis: Importantly, one gene, VNN1 (Vanin-1), was consistently overexpressed across all groups, with log2 fold changes of 1.59, 1.53, 1.33, and 1.38 in DLP-H, T2DMpoorly-DLP-H, T2DMwell-DLP-H, and Periodontitis-H, respectively.