Notably, the PCOS-GDM group demonstrated significantly higher levels of all three investigated biomarkers compared to PCOS-non-GDM controls: GALP (88.92 ± 12.17 vs 41.63 ± 15.24 pg/mL, p<0.001), HMGB1 (76.81 ± 8.97 vs 52.71 ± 6.73 ng/mL, p<0.001), and Sortilin (242.31 ± 15.24 vs 172.42 ± 18.63 ng/mL, p<0.001). Here, HMGB1 is linked to gestational diabetes.