These results underscore the clinical utility of GALP and HMGB1 as early predictive biomarkers, particularly when used in combination for risk stratification in PCOS pregnancies For clarity and clinical interpretability, AUC values were retained within the ROC plots to facilitate intuitive visual comparison between biomarkers, while detailed statistical metrics are provided in Table 3. Here, HMGB1 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.