PTK2 and malignant colon neoplasm: Secondly, DDR1 regulates a myriad of downstream signaling pathways in different types of cancer, such as the pro-survival Ras/Raf/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways in human breast and colon cancer cells[26]; the FAK-p130CAS/JNK pathway, which results in mesenchymal transition-like cell scattering in pancreatic cancer cells[31]; and the SHP2 signaling pathway, which inhibits STAT1 and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in diverse cancer cells[32].