Firstly, we identified those who had above the 80th quantile for levels of C-reactive protein, Cystatin-C (a marker of renal function), and below the 20th quantile for albumin, forced expiratory flow volume in 1 s (FEV1), and those who had a history of dementia, liver disease, or cancer prior to recruitment to UK Biobank. Here, CST3 is linked to liver disorder.