The current study’s findings are particularly relevant, as J. regia and P. paniculata extracts demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, reducing TNF-α levels and inhibiting P. gingivalis biofilms (Jin et al., 2016; Arastu-Kapur et al., 2020; Word Health Organization, 2022), which could play a role in mitigating both periodontal disease and the associated risk of Alzheimer’s. Here, TNF is linked to periodontal disorder.