ESR1 and breast cancer: Some studies have suggested that only patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer may benefit from aspirin use (Chen and Holmes, 2017; Baker and Kartsonaki, 2024; Cairat et al., 2021; Ademi et al., 2013).The mechanisms by which aspirin may prevent tumors could involve multiple factors, including energy metabolism, inflammation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, immune evasion, cellular abnormalities, glycolysis, and cellular programming.