Moreover, the findings clearly demonstrate that the chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 5-Fu and aspirin enhanced the intracellular concentration of the drugs, leading to synergistic growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the inhibition of NF-κB activation and COX-2 expression (Wang et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and hepatocellular carcinoma.