SMAD2 and Hepatic fibrosis: Compared with the MOD group, the TGF-β/Smad2/SMAD3 pathway was significantly inhibited after DMDD intervention, and liver fibrosis indices COL1A1, α-SMA, and TIMP1 were significantly downregulated, while bile acid metabolism of CYP7A1, CPY8B1, CYP27A1, BSEP, MRP2, and NTCP were significantly upregulated (Figure 3D).