performed analyses using methods such as TSMR and IVW and evaluated MR hypotheses in sensitivity and colocalization analyses, providing evidence of a positive correlation between the concentration of genetic proxies for macrophage inflammatory protein 1a (MIP1a) and overall PCa risk and a negative correlation between the concentration of genetic proxies for vascular endothelial growth factor and the risk of late-stage PCa (110). Here, CCL3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.