ALB and urinary tract infection: Li et al. (2023)’s meta-analysis indicated that hypoalbuminemia is an important risk factor for urinary tract infections after spinal surgery, which aligns with Liu Jiawei’s findings. This may be because low albumin levels weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infection (Calder, 2021). In this study, TSCI patients with symptomatic UTIs had lower albumin levels than those without symptomatic infection, with a P-value approaching 0.05.