Otherwise, some investigations with the same interest groups as those in this study and, using a similar technique, did not report a significant difference in cytokine levels between PLWHIV before ART in an early and late infection; interestingly, and in accordance with our results, this study reports a significant increase of IL-18 in PLWHIV before ART, levels that are decreased, not at level of HIV- control, in subjects who starting their ART [62]. This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and infection.