Research consistently shows that individuals with BED, especially those who are overweight or obese, tend to have low circulating levels of ADPN (Khalil & El Hachem, 2014; Tural et al., 2023), which may be associated with a range of negative outcomes that contribute to binge eating behaviors and metabolic dysregulation (Table 1). Here, ADIPOQ is linked to X-linked cone dysfunction syndrome with myopia.