Also of note were two other signaling pathways associated with tumor aggression, the TGFβ and WNT/β-catenin pathways, both of which are dysregulated in LUAD (45, 46) and are induced in normal lung epithelial cells exposed to environmental AhR ligands (i.e., PAH) (47). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.