ACE and chronic kidney disease: The relative risk (RR) of AKI include 4.02 in patients with chronic kidney disease, 1.39 in patients with congestive heart failure, 1.51 in patients with diabetes mellitus, 1.68 in patients taking potassium sparing diuretics, 1.85 in patients using loop diuretics, and 1.39 in patients taking angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.