CD274 and cancer: This study identified 178 KEGG pathways associated with the therapeutic activity of S. mannii aqueous roots extract, including pathways in cancer (hsa05200), central carbon metabolism in cancer (hsa05230), PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer (hsa05235), viral carcinogenesis (hsa05203), proteoglycans in cancer (hsa05205), choline metabolism in cancer (hsa05231), microRNAs in cancer (hsa05206), transcriptional misregulation in cancer (hsa05202), chemical carcinogenesis (hsa05207 and hsa05208), apoptosis (hsa04210), and autophagy (hsa04140).