CACUL1 and infection: While only ATG4C was found to be significantly upregulated in the original data set (log2 fold change: 1.59, adjusted P value: 0.0025), 10 other genes had increased expression upon infection, including several key ATG genes as well as 4 different Cullin genes, suggesting that autophagy/xenophagy may be stimulated upon infection in the mammalian system (26).