PPARG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For example, Bifidobacterium lactis LMG P-28149 and L. rhamnosus LMG S-28148 have been shown to increase the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota, upregulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase, and ameliorate obesity in murine models (69).