MC4R and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In addition, prenatal supplementation with specific probiotics may reduce the risk of childhood obesity and excessive weight gain by decreasing DNA methylation levels of key genes such as fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), and methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) (70).