Although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying butyrate’s dual role in tumorigenesis and progression remain incompletely elucidated, emerging evidence from recent studies has demonstrated that this short-chain fatty acid can potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors in colorectal carcinoma through immunomodulatory mechanisms involving enhanced CD8+T lymphocyte infiltration and functional regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (Zhu et al., 2023). Here, PDCD1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.