In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), LPS promotes cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL-2, CCL-22, vimentin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), through the induction of TLR4 signaling (Wang et al., 2013; Lo et al., 2018). Here, IL1B is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.