TLR4 and glioma: In glioma, LPS not only upregulates inflammatory mediators such as IL-8, CXCL8, and IL-1β to support tumorigenesis but also alters the immunophenotype of glioma cells and induces antitumor immunity via TLR4 (Li et al., 2015; Braganhol et al., 2015; Han et al., 2017).