VEGFA and neoplasm: Additionally, HIF-1α induces the expression of target genes, such as VEGF, GLUT-1, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α), and BNIP3, further driving tumor angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and anti-apoptotic processes (North et al., 2000; Kleinman et al., 2007; Janmohamed et al., 2015; van Vugt et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2021).