HGF and neoplasm: Besides these factors, other growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) also play key roles in hypoxia-induced tumor angiogenesis, driving tumor growth and metastasis (Jiang et al., 2020; Magar et al., 2024; Mou et al., 2024).