Recent investigations by Yuliana and colleagues revealed that IUGR secondary to uteroplacental insufficiency induces significant pulmonary developmental impairment, characterized by reduced alveolar space, decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, and increased alveolar wall volume fraction, concurrent with diminished leptin expression (Yuliana et al., 2024). The gene discussed is PCNA; the disease is fetal growth restriction.