(1) Inhibiting lactate production: Suppressing lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) or pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to reduce intracellular lactate levels and decrease lactylation modifications. (2) Reducing lactate accumulation: Inhibiting monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to block lactate export, lowering tumor microenvironment (TME) lactate concentration and reducing immunosuppression. The gene discussed is LDHA; the disease is neoplasm.