ANXA1 and diabetic kidney disease: Overexpression of AnxA1 significantly alleviates kidney damage, possibly through the following mechanisms: AnxA1 binds to the p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB, inhibiting its activation and thereby modulating the inflammatory state (37); at the same time, AnxA1 activates the AMPK/PPARα/CPT1b pathway, improving mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation, which in turn reduces renal inflammation and lipotoxicity in DKD (49); it may also be involved in AnxA1’s regulation of MAPK, activating pro-survival pathways (Akt), thereby preventing cardiac and renal dysfunction (50).