From a clinical perspective, antiviral therapy (e.g., ganciclovir) and anti-TNF-α treatments, such as infliximab, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as MMF, as used in our patients, may help control CMV replication, reduce inflammation, and improve outcomes in patients with CVID with hyperinflammatory conditions such as GLILD (47). Here, TNF is linked to common variable immunodeficiency.