BDNF and Alzheimer disease: These proinflammatory cytokines disrupt the production of plasticity-related molecules such as BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), which impairs synaptic plasticity and neuronal function, causing brain damage and leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.64