Interestingly, the NCOA3-ATF4 pair is also necessary for the increase of de novo purine synthesis in hepatocarcinoma (HCC), in which its negative regulator, dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 (DYRK3), which phosphorylates NCOA3 and blocks the nuclear translocation of ATF4, is significantly down-regulated16. Here, ATF4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.