CXCL1 and gastroesophageal reflux disease: Our findings indicated that higher predicted C-X-C motif chemokine 1 [OR = 1.052, 95% CI: 1.004 − 1.103, P = .035], interleukin-1-alpha [OR = 1.083, 95% CI: 1.018 − 1.152, P = .012], and interleukin-4 [IL-4, OR = 1.081, 95% CI: 1.018 − 1.147, P = .011] increased the risk of GERD; whereas tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 [OR = 0.958, 95% CI: 0.9174–0.9999, P = .0493] decreased the risk of GERD.