INS and Insulin resistance: Compared with the non-RPL group, the RPL group exhibited significantly higher levels of FINS (10.67 vs. 8.57; P < .001), 1-hour insulin (1hINS) (110.86 vs. 74.75; P = .005), 2-hour insulin (2hINS) (89.47 vs. 67.94, P = .023), AUCI (117.08 vs. 114.16; P = .004), HOMA-IR (2.5 vs. 1.94; P < .001), HOMA-β (138.31 vs. 107.84; P < .001), the incidence of insulin resistance (63.47% vs. 47.03%; P < .001), and the incidence of HOMA-IR ≥ 2.14 (61.9% vs. 40.27%; P < .001).