BNIP3 and diabetes mellitus: Sevoflurane loses its protective effect on myocardium affected by DM, but deferoxamine, H2S, CoCl2, and N-acetylcysteine restore this effect.[32–34] Restoration is achieved by promoting mitochondrial autophagy mediated by HIF-1/BNIP3, activation of the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, and an increase in cardiac adiponectin levels, while reducing FoxO1 and CD36 expression.[35–38]