TNFSF11 and Hypercalcemia: Cytokine-mediated hypercalcemia (~60%), primarily driven by IL-6, RANKL, MIP-1α, and TNF-α, was most frequent, followed by PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia (~25%) and less commonly by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D dysregulation (~15%) [7,30].