Singh et al. (2022) and Zhu et al. (2023) both found that S1PR1 modulators have a neuroprotective effect on mice glial cells. Golan et al. found that fingolimod treatment significantly increased the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by T cells in patients with MS after 6 and 12 months (Golan et al., 2019). Smith et al. found that fingolimod-mediated BDNF increases within the CNS may contribute to limiting progressive tissue loss during MS mice (Smith et al., 2018). Here, BDNF is linked to myeloid sarcoma.