During tumor progression, normal fibroblasts (NFs) are induced to transform into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and become major components of the TME, upregulating various cell surface markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptors-β (PDGF-β), and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) (Yamamoto et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene FAP and neoplasm.