Among the Cpn and WD groups, 48 pathways showed enrichment, with the top 25 including the PPAR signaling pathway, biosynthesis of amino acids, metabolic pathways, cholesterol metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, AMPK signaling pathway, insulin resistance, insulin signaling pathway, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, arachidonic acid metabolism, etc. (Figure 5E; Supplementary Table S4). This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.