CAPG and neoplasm: The existing body of research has validated the involvement of these 16 genes in various immunological processes and tumor progression, including immunomodulation and signal transduction (AIF1) (13), immune checkpoint regulation (TYROBP, FCER1G, FCGR2A) (14, 15), metabolic reprogramming (ALOX5AP, MSR1, SLC11A1) (16–18), protease homeostasis (SERPINB1, SERPINA1) (19, 20), cytoskeletal dynamics (CAPG) (21), microenvironment remodeling (S100A11) (22), antigen presentation and immune evasion (HLA-DMA, LAPTM5) (23, 24), and tumor inflammatory regulation (FPR1, TNFRSF1B, CYBA) (25–27).