APP and Alzheimer disease: Iron is known to play a major role in the neurotoxicity associated with AD and PD, as evidenced by the presence of 5’UTR IRE sequences in the transcripts of the amyloid precursor protein and α-synuclein, the activity of APP as a neuronal iron export ferroxidase, and the ability of iron to enhance the neurotoxicity of amyloid β (Bush, 2013).