CCL2 and Nephropathy: Currently, biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), retinol binding protein (RBP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) play a significant role in the early diagnosis and monitoring of kidney damage progression and hold diagnostic value for NADKD (42, 43).