B cells also secrete a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, IL-6, INF-γ, GM-CSF, etc. Of particular significance in the context of pulmonary fibrosis are TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β, which have been identified as critical mediators in the initiation and maintenance of lung fibrosis. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.