In this way, M1 cell may play a crucial role in many diseases, such as alleviating early brain injury in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and reducing neuroinflammation or rheumatoid arthritis via the GSH/GPx4 pathway in M1 macrophages (Qu et al., 2022; Ling et al., 2024). The gene discussed is GPX4; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.