TACR1 and hemoglobin measurement: Other studies have confirmed that the SP/NK-1R system can regulate the transmission of various cell signals, such as antiapoptotic signalling pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), cell proliferation signalling pathways (MAPK, ERK), cell migration signalling pathways (Rho-ROCK-pMLC), the classical Wnt signalling pathway (β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1), and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation signalling pathway, all of which jointly promote the progression of HB (Lim et al., 2017; Mei et al., 2013).