AKT1 and neoplasm: Key pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin, VEGF, PI3K/AKT, and JAK2/STAT3 pathways are central to endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and vascular maturation, whereas interactions with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and pericytes further remodel the TME to support neovascularization.