IFNL1 and infection: We quantified IL-29 (the only IFN-λ secreted by AECs) and IP-10 (the IL-29-induced ISG molecule associated with viral clearance) by ELISA and found that AECs secreted much greater level of IL-29 and IP-10 in response to Cal04 stimulation compared to NY1682 infection or IL-1β treatment, suggesting that the higher level of IL-29 might correlate to the lower infection rate of Cal04 in AECs (Figures 1A, B).