Additional immunosuppressive cytokines secreted by PSCs, such as IL‐10, TGF‐β, VEGF, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also contribute to immune evasion and impaired anti‐tumor responses [91]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.